These ideas have far reaching implications for WHS. For a start we need to recognise that the health issues with which we are dealing are complex. For too long we have accepted a reductionist approach – focusing on the easier to identify workplace risk factors and neglecting workplace psychosocial risks arising from precarious work, bad job design and toxic managers.

Our KISS approach (keep it simple stupid) stood us in good stead for decades. It has its advantages but we have well and truly come unstuck on mental health.

I recall the Productivity Commissioner who led the benchmarking review on OHS regulation in the early 2000s saying he was astonished how unprepared Australian OHS authorities were for mental health.

We have been slow to grapple with the complexity of the inter-relationship between physical and psychosocial causes and physical and mental health outcomes; and the obvious fact that health at work is affected by a combination of personal and environmental determinants from home and the community as well as in workplaces.

We know but largely ignore that the broader economy is a major driver of claims performance, and that when people run out of workers’ compensation they fall back on the social security system. We have shockingly failed to adequately address the significant contribution work makes to cardiovascular disorders, cancers and other diseases.

Diane Finegood, the President of the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research in Canada addressed CEIPS event (below).The session was described in a CEIPS blog which said Finegood explained how a systems approach differed from business as usual in public health as it would support adaptive change rather than imposing standardised interventions through models, guidelines and frameworks.

The blogger wrote, quoting an interviewee in his or her own research, “The day of scalability, of standardised programs, is dead”: Recognition that one size does not fit all.

Reporting on the discussion following Finegood’s presentation, the blogger described some resistance to the idea of throwing out governments’ “command and control” role completely, pointing to its effectiveness in tobacco control.

In October last year CEIPS sponsored an event in Melbourne covering the topic the topic “Solving Complex Problems: Adaptation vs Attribution”.

In the course of this work the question emerged: “What is the difference between complex and complicated?”. The first time I read this it did my head in, even more so than my new daily ritual of The Age crossword.

The answer is (I think), complexity is a property of the system and complicated is a reference to an intervention applied to that system. According to Allan Shiell, CEO of the Centre for Excellence in Intervention and Prevention Science (CEIPS) in Victoria, speaking at a conference in 2013, “Communities, work-sites, schools etc … are complex adaptive systems … more ‘biological’ than ‘mechanical'”. Complex adaptive systems require complicated interventions.

“A complex (complicated) intervention is ‘built up from a number of components, which may act both independently and inter-independently.’ This makes it hard to define the active ingredient.” Shiell again, writing with others in 2008.

Systems thinking focuses on the whole and relationships and connections within. Interventions based on systems thinking work with or around relevant properties of systems, and have an emphasis on implementation, quality improvement and adaptation to context, according to Shiell.

The era of top down communication is dead and, it was observed in discussion, governments have not yet come to terms with this fairly dramatic change with huge implications for policy development.

For us in workplace health and safety (WHS) it means the days of thinking that developing and issuing a guidance note is an effective way to spend our time and money are well and truly over.

Meanwhile our colleagues in public health have been grappling with “systems thinking”. This has been in response to the development of knowledge on the social determinants of health – the recognition that health outcomes, such as obesity, are complex.. This is due to a myriad of interacting health risks (and opportunities) arising from personal and social and physical environmental factors.

Adjunct Professor, Institute for Safety, Compensation and Recovery Research and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University

First published in Thomson Reuters Inside OHS, the supplement to Occupational Health News, February 2015

Recently a board of which I am a member had a planning day. We had an excellent presentation by David Chalke from AustraliaSCAN about the future, including the loss of faith in institutions, something that is happening now, and that we can expect to see more of.

Instead of taking advice from governments, business leaders, unions and others, Australians determine their attitudes and beliefs from sources they have chosen to follow, reinforced by ‘friends’ around them.

In consideration of the number of ‘friends’, Chalke made reference to Dunbar’s number. 1990s anthropologist Robin Dunbar proposed that there was a correlation between average brain size and the average social group size in primates.

According to this theory, extrapolating from research in primates and relating it to human brain size it turns out that the number of stable relationships we are capable of sustaining is between 100 and 250, and 150 is usually adopted – Dunbar’s number.. Groups greater than 250 “require more restrictive rules, laws, and enforced norms to maintain a stable, cohesive group“.

I am giving the keynote on this subject at the National Public Sector Health, Safety and Wellbeing Conference being run by Liquid Learning in Canberra on Tuesday 18th November.

I am going to be saying that new approaches to mental health in the workplace are going to change the way we think about workplace health and safety, at last. It will be the driver for a shift to an integrated approach to worker health. Tony La Montagne’s model of preventing harm, promoting the positive and managing illness is a useful one, and whilst we have some way to go with understanding promoting the positive, there is a sufficient evidence base for preventing harm, managing illness and the integrated approach to worker health to make a start.

Here is a link to the presentation: Public Sector Conference 17/11/14 and a link to a benchmarking tool for mentally healthy workplaces I have adapted from the Canadian National Standard, a recent Comcare guide and people@work Benchmarking Tool Sept 2014.

Glorian Sorensen is an international guru on the integration of occupational health and safety and workplace health promotion.  The light bulb went off for her decades ago when she was working on quit programs in a foundry. The look on the men’s faces as they peered out through the fumes and heat as she banged on about the harm tobacco does said it all to her. 
 
In October I went to the First International Conference on Total Worker Health, held by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the USA.  It was one of those exciting conferences, not too big, where a discipline comes of age.  The idea is that managing only work-related risks for health is too limiting, we operate as a whole, work affects our health (positively and negatively) and our health affects our work.  There is potential to move beyond compliance with the legal obligation of employers to provide safe and healthy working environments, still essential to get that right first, to additional investment by employers in creating a culture of health (or care), knowing this will lead to greater employee engagement and productivity. 
 
I gave a talk to the Australian Physiotherapy Association, Victorian Branch on this last night.  Around 13 or 14 occupational physiotherapists showed up and together we puzzled through conceptual models I brought back from the American conference.  Most seemed to see the value in the approach, but we need some more practical examples of what it means on the ground.  The group picked up on the fact that investment beyond minimum requirements will require a clear strategy well aligned to business goals, with accountability to KPIs related to productivity.  We also discussed the integration part – co-ordination of work across OHS and workplace health promotion and HR.  At a workshop I went to at the conference run by the Harvard group working on this, of which Glorian Sorensen is the head.  They said that they bring the leaders of OHS, WHP and HR in together and facilitate a discussion using an assessment tool they have developed.  Inevitably this leads to discovery of what each is doing that might be useful to the other, and duplication.  For a link to the talk I gave last night, click Here

Here is a link to the presentations from the Total Worker Health conference, I recommend the talks by Glorian Sorensen and Jack Dellenian – they were the ones we discussed last night: plenary session day 1 at http://www.eagleson.org/conferences/total-worker-health/twh2014-presentations
 
For more general information go to the TWH, NIOSH – http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/twh/.
 


There are signs that the Federal Government is gearing up for health policy changes.  Early in March Peter Dutton, the Minister for Health, when addressing a conference of general practitioners, made it clear that health workforce planning was on the agenda.  Later he floated the idea of a co-payment for GP visits to deliver a price signal to consumers to deter excessive consumption associated with the growing practice of bulk billing.  According to the 7.30 Report on 18 March bulk billing has increased from 50% to 83% of GP visits.  The show featured Terry Barnes a former advisor to the current Prime Minister when he was Health Minister.  According to Barnes, not only is there a need to make Australia’s health care system more efficient, but also we need to lower the expectations of Australians.  Currently they want a Rolls Royce, he said, but we can only afford a Kingswood.

Barnes touched on medical waste.  It has been estimated that between one-third to one-half of all US health care spending is on services that lack evidence of producing better health outcomes than less expensive alternatives (Health Policy Briefs, Dec 13, 2012).  Causes are: not using best practice, lack of co-ordination of care, eg duplication of investigations, overtreatment, overly complex administration, inappropriately high prices and fraud.   On the 7.30 Report, Paul Gross, a leading Australian health strategist responded to Barnes’ comments by saying that a good way to address high health costs would be tackle adverse health events.  According to Goss one in ten admissions to hospitals are due to complications arising from previous treatments.

It is good to see the new government stimulating discussion on future proofing Australia’s health care system.  Hopefully it will lead to action.  For my money there has been very slow progress since the Productivity Commission released its 2005 report on Australia’s Health Workforce and the National Health and Hospital Reform Commission report was finalised.

But where is the medical leadership?  Time and time again in health we have seen that without the contribution of everyday clinical leaders – not the Ministers and Directors General of Health, but the Heads of Urology, or Gastroenterology, Paediatrics or Cardiology, in the Sir Somebody Important Hospitals dotted around the country – we are not going to see change.

Yet it is possible to engage these busy, committed professionals in innovation of health services.  Clinical-led programs to reduce medical waste in the USA and UK have been effective.

Medical colleges could potentially contribute more to health workforce planning and innovation in health services.  And the RACP, with its broad range of practice covering a variety of settings:  hospitals, workplace and other community settings, in particular.

Recently I have had reason to talk to trainees in the RACP.  These young post-graduates want different things to the previous generations of specialist doctors.  For a start, quite sensibly, they want a better work-life balance: both men and women.  Forget working 80 hours or more a week. They are interested in more varied careers, they want more options other than a railway track to super-specialisation.  In short they are open to re-thinking their roles.  We should run with this and start planning for more flexible roles and training programs by allowing trainees to select modules from a variety of streams.  Most of all we should teach tomorrow’s medical and other health leaders how to innovate health services.

Health innovation without clinical leadership may happen, but it will be the poorer for it.

Nick Talley, Chair, RACP Working Party on Governance Reform has issued a consultation paper on board reform. I think its strengths are that it has gone back to basics. The paper is not offering a couple of options to choose from. Instead it has gone back to the issues. Clearly the Working Party is open to receiving other ideas beyond the six options offered in the paper. Another strength is the structured consultation process proposed. This will see over 20 meetings held around the country to obtain input on this topic. As a piece of communication however, this is not a good document. It is too long and too complicated. I doubt that many members of the RACP will have the inclination or the time to wade through it. The proposals simply do not relate to our way. For example the section on diversity talks about gender, ethnicity etc, but fails to mention the single most important aspect of diversity for us – our diverse practice contained within the RACP. We need to comply with corporate law, but we need to work towards it in a way that relates to the needs of a membership based organisation. As a colleague who has extensive experience in working with such organisations said to me, ‘we are not dealing with products here, we are dealing with peoples’ professional lives’.

Nevertheless this work should be sufficient to stimulate some good conversations in the fora.

What do others think?

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